GOOGLE EARTH

Formerly known as Earth Viewer, Google Earth was developed by Keyhole, Inc., a company acquired by Google in 2004. The product was renamed Google Earth in 2005 and is currently available for use on personal computers running Microsoft Windows 2000, XP, or Vista; Mac OS X 10.3.9 and above; Linux (released on June 12, 2006); and FreeBSD. In addition to releasing an updated Keyhole based client, Google also added the imagery from the Earth database to their web based mapping software. The release of Google Earth caused a more than tenfold increase in media coverage on virtual globes between 2005 and 2006,[3] driving public interest in geospatial technologies and applications.

Denver, Colorado, viewed in Google Earth, now almost completely modeled with high-quality 3D models.
The viewer will show houses, the color of cars, and even the shadows of people and street signs. The degree of resolution available is based somewhat on the points of interest, but most land (except for some islands) is covered in at least 15 meters of resolution[4]. Las Vegas, Nevada and Cambridge, Massachusetts include examples of the highest resolution, at 15 cm (6 inches). Google Earth allows users to search for addresses (for some countries only), enter coordinates, or simply use the mouse to browse to a location.
Google Earth also has digital elevation model (DEM) data collected by NASA's Shuttle Radar Topography Mission. This means one can view the Grand Canyon or Mount Everest in three dimensions, instead of 2D like other map programs/sites. Since 23 November 2006, the 3D views of many mountains, including Mount Everest, have been improved by the use of supplementary DEM data to fill the gaps in SRTM coverage[5]. In addition, Google has provided a layer allowing one to see 3D buildings for many major cities in the US and Japan.
Many people using the applications are adding their own data and making them available through various sources, such as the BBS or blogs mentioned in the link section below. Google Earth is able to show all kinds of images overlaid on the surface of the earth and is also Web Map Service client.
Google Earth supports managing three-dimensional geospatial data through Keyhole Markup Language (KML). It is available in a free version, and in licensed versions for commercial use.

Downtown Los Angeles, using the 3D Warehouse feature.
Google Earth has the capability to show 3D buildings and structures (such as bridges), which consist of users' submissions using SketchUp, a 3D modeling program. In prior versions of Google Earth (before Version 4), 3D buildings were limited to a few cities, and had poorer rendering with no textures.
Many buildings and structures from around the world now have detailed 3D structures; including (but not limited to) those in the countries, the United States, Canada, India, Japan, United Kingdom,[6] Germany, Pakistan and the cities, Amsterdam and Alexandria[7]. Three-dimensional renderings are available for certain buildings and structures around the world via Google's 3D Warehouse[8] and other websites.

[edit] Sky mode
In version 4.2, released August 22, 2007, Google Earth added a Sky tool for viewing stars and astronomical images.[9] Google Sky is produced by Google through a partnership with the Space Telescope Science Institute in Baltimore, the science operations center for Hubble. Dr. Alberto Conti and his co-developer Dr. Carol Christian of the Space Telescope Science Institute, plan to add the public images from 2007,[10] as well as color images of all of the archived data from Hubble's Advanced Camera for Surveys. Newly released Hubble pictures will be added to the Google Sky program as soon as they are issued. Also visible on Sky mode are constellations, stars, galaxies and animations depicting the planets on their orbits.

[edit] Wikipedia and Panoramio integration
In December 2006 Google Earth added a new layer called "Geographic Web" that includes integration with Wikipedia and Panoramio. In Wikipedia, entries are scraped for coordinates via the Coord templates. If the options to show Wikipedia or Panoramio entries are selected, users will be presented with clickable dots in their current Google Earth view. When any of these dots are selected, the user will be shown the Wikipedia or Panoramio entry right in Google Earth. There is also a community-layer from the project Wikipedia-World. More coordinates are used, different types are in the display and different languages are supported than the built-in Wikipedia layer. See: *dynamic resp. static layer. Google announced on May 30th, 2007 that it is acquiring Panoramio.[11]

[edit] Influences
The Google Earth interface bears a noted similarity to the ‘Earth’ program described in Neal Stephenson’s sci-fi classic Snow Crash. Indeed, a Google Earth co-founder claimed that Google Earth was modeled after Snow Crash, while another co-founder said it was inspired by Powers of Ten.[12]

[edit] Specifications

Google Earth comes with atmosphere effects and seabed
Coordinate System and Projection
The internal coordinate system of Google Earth is geographic coordinates (latitude/longitude) on the World Geodetic System of 1984 (WGS84) datum.
Google Earth shows the earth as it looks from an elevated platform such as an airplane or orbiting satellite. The projection used to achieve this effect is called the General Perspective. This is similar to the Orthographic projection, except that the point of perspective is a finite (near earth) distance rather than an infinite (deep space) distance.[13]
Baseline resolutions
U.S.: 15 m (some states are completely in 1 m or better)
Germany, Switzerland, Netherlands, Denmark, England, Andorra, Luxembourg, Liechtenstein, San Marino, Vatican City: 1 m or better
Global: Generally 15 m (some areas, such as Antarctica, are in extremely low resolution), but this depends on the quality of the satellite/aerial photograph uploaded.
Typical high resolutions
U.S.: 1 m, 0.6 m, 0.3 m, 0.15 m (extremely rare; e.g. Cambridge and Google Campus, or Glendale)
Europe : 0.3 m, 0.15 m (e.g. Berlin, Zürich, Hamburg)
Altitude resolution:
Surface: varies by country
Seabed: Not applicable (a colorscale approximating sea floor depth is "printed" on the spherical surface).
Age: Images are usually less than 3 years old. The date next to the copyright information is often cited as the date the picture was taken, but this practice is incorrect.
Google Earth is unlikely to operate on older hardware configurations. The most recent downloads available document these minimum configurations:
Pentium 3, 500 MHz
128 MB RAM
400 MB free disk space
Network speed: 128 kb/s
16MB 3D-capable graphics card
Resolution of 1024x768, 16-bit High Color
Windows XP or Windows 2000 (not Windows ME compatible), Linux, Mac OS X
The most likely mode of failure is insufficient video RAM: the software is designed to warn the user if their graphics card is not able to support Earth (this often occurs due to insufficient Video RAM or buggy graphics card drivers). The next most likely mode of failure is Internet access speed. Except for the very patient, broadband Internet (Cable, DSL, T1, etc.) is required.

[edit] Mac version

Google Earth (Mac OS X)
A version for Mac OS X was released on January 10, 2006, and is available for download from the Google Earth website. With a few exceptions noted below, the Mac version appears to be stable and complete, with virtually all the same functionality as the original Windows version.
Screenshots and an actual binary of the Mac version had been leaked to the Internet a month previously, on December 8, 2005. The leaked version was significantly incomplete. Among other things, neither the Help menu nor its "Display License" feature worked, indicating that this version was intended for Google's internal use only. Google released no statement regarding the leak.
Currently, the Mac version runs only under Mac OS X versions 10.4 and 10.3.9. There is no embedded browser and no direct interface to Gmail. There are a few bugs concerning the menu bar when switching between applications and a few bugs concerning annotation balloons and printing.
The latest version, 4.1.7076.4558, released on May 9, 2007, features, among other things, a new user interface and the option for Mac OS X users to upgrade to the "Plus" version.[14] Some users reported difficulties with Google Earth crashing in the latest version when zooming in.[15]

[edit] Linux version

Google Earth 4(beta) Running on Ubuntu 6.06
Starting with the version 4 beta, Google Earth functions under Linux, as a native port using the Qt-toolkit.
Minimum System Requirements[16]
Kernel: 2.4 or later
CPU: Pentium 3, 500 MHz
System Memory (RAM): 128 MB
Hard Disk: 400 MB free space
Network Speed: 128 kbit/s
Screen: 1024x768, 16 bit color
Tested and works on the following distributions:
Ubuntu 5.10/6.06/6.10/7.04
SUSE 10.1/10.2
Fedora Core 4/5/6/7
Linspire 5.1
Gentoo 2006.0
Debian 3.1/4
Red Hat 9
Slackware 11.0
FreeBSD 6.1/7.0 with Linux Emulation
Arch Linux 0.7.2 Duke
Xandros 3.0.3 Business Edition
Mandriva 2007
Sabayon Linux 3.26
PCLinuxOS 5.0

[edit] Resolution and accuracy

The Isles of Scilly, showing the very low resolution of some islands. The islands (green area) are about 10 km across.

The west side of Gibraltar, tilted view showing the sea rising up the Rock of Gibraltar - claimed altitude of the sea just off the beach at Elliots Memorial, 252 m.
Google Earth is a complex application representing two and three dimensional data, vector data, integer and real numbers, and a variety of geometric projections. The imagery comes from a variety of sources and the processing of the imagery is done both by machine and humans. In addition, there are many terabytes of information from a variety of sources involving many people. As a result, there are bound to be inaccuracies in the data. Google is continuously taking input and improving the existing data.
Most land areas are covered in satellite imagery with a resolution of about 15 m per pixel. Some population centers are also covered by aircraft imagery (orthophotography) with several pixels per meter. Oceans are covered at a much lower resolution, as are a number of islands; most notably, Tórshavn, the capital of the Faroe Islands, and the Isles of Scilly off southwest England, are at a resolution of about 500 m or less. These pictures are provided by Terrametrics.
Google has resolved many inaccuracies in the vector mapping since the original public release of the software, without requiring an update to the program itself. An example of this was the absence from Google Earth's map boundaries of the Nunavut territory in Canada, a territory that had been created on April 1, 1999; this mistake was corrected by one of the data updates in early 2006. Recent updates have also increased the coverage of detailed aerial photography, particularly in certain areas of western Europe, though not including Ireland where imagery remains extremely limited.

Greenland with an odd black line and cut off fire.

An error causing part of Paris to appear as a hill due to the height of the Eiffel Tower.
The images are not all taken at the same time, but are generally current to within three years. Image sets are sometimes not correctly stitched together. Updates to the photographic database can occasionally be noticed when drastic changes take place in the appearance of the landscape, like for example Google Earth's incomplete updates of New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina, or when placemarks appear to shift unexpectedly across the Earth's surface. Though the placemarks have not in fact moved, the imagery is composed and stitched differently. Such an update to London's photography in early 2006 created shifts of 15-20 metres in many areas, noticeable because the resolution is so high.
Place name and road detail vary greatly from place to place. They are most accurate in the North America and Europe, but regular mapping updates are improving coverage elsewhere.
Errors sometimes occur due to the technology used to measure the height of terrain; for example, tall buildings in Adelaide cause one part of the city to be rendered as a small mountain, when it is in fact flat. The height of the Eiffel Tower creates a similar effect in the rendering of Paris. Also, elevations below sea level are presented as sea level; i.e. Salton City, California; Death Valley; and the Dead Sea are all listed as 0 ft when Salton City is approx −200 ft; Death Valley is −286 ft; and the Dead Sea is −1,378 ft.
Where no 3 arc second digital elevation data was available, the three dimensional images covering some areas of high relief are not at all accurate, but most mountain areas are now well mapped. The underlying digital elevation model has been placed 3 arc seconds too far north and up to 3 arc seconds too far west. This means that some steep mountain ridges incorrectly appear to have shadows extending over onto their south facing sides. Some high resolution images have also been misplaced, an example is the image covering Annapurna, which is misplaced by about 12 arc seconds.
The "Measure" function shows that the length of equator is about 40,030.24 km, giving an error of −0.112% compared with the actual value of 40,075.02 km Earth; for the meridional circumference, it shows a length of about 39,963.13 km, also giving an error of −0.112% compared with the actual value of 40,007.86 km.
The Arctic polar ice caps are completely absent from the current version of Google Earth, as are waves in the oceans. The geographic North Pole is found hovering over the Arctic Ocean. There is very low resolution coverage of the Antarctic continent (1m resolution images of some parts of Antarctica were added in June 2007 for the first time). The tiling system produces artifacts near the poles as the tiles become 'infinitely' small and rounding errors accumulate.
Cloud cover and shadows can make it difficult or impossible to see details in some land areas, including the shadow side of mountains.
The atmosphere in Google Earth is greatly exaggerated. Comparisons with actual photographs show the Google Earth atmosphere to be 20 times thicker.[citation needed]
The stars in the background are not random. Google Earth uses a real star map to render the background. [verification needed]

[edit] National security and privacy issues
The software has been criticized by a number of special groups, including national officials, as being an invasion of privacy and even posing a threat to national security. The typical argument is that the software provides information about military or other critical installations that could be used by terrorists. The following is a selection of such concerns:
Former Indian president APJ Abdul Kalam has expressed concern over the availability of high-resolution pictures of sensitive locations in India.[17] Google subsequently agreed to censor such sites.[18]
The Indian Space Research Organisation has said Google Earth poses a security threat to India, and seeks dialogue with Google officials.[19]
The South Korean government has expressed concern that the software offers images of the presidential palace and various military installations that could possibly be used by their hostile neighbor North Korea.[20]
In 2006, one user spotted a large topographical replica in a remote region of China. The model is a small-scale (1/500) version of the Karakoram Mountain Range, currently under the control of China but claimed by India. When later confirmed as a replica of this region, spectators began entertaining military implications.[21][22]
The Area 51 base in the Nevada desert is clearly visible, with no evidence of intentional obstruction or blurring. The base's runways and even a number of planes are visible, but sources confirm that the government has knowledge of all nearby photography satellites, and personnel are instructed to cover any vital technology and stay within the buildings at all times when one is within range.
Morocco's main Internet provider Maroc Telecom has been blocking Google Earth[23] since August 2006 without giving any justification for it.
Operators of the Lucas Heights nuclear reactor in Sydney, New South Wales asked Google to censor high resolution pictures of the facility.[24] However, they later withdrew the request.[25]
In July 2007, it was reported that a new Chinese navy Jin-class nuclear ballistic missile submarine was photographed at the Xiaopingdao Submarine Base south of Dalian[26].

Blurred out image of the Royal Stables in The Hague, Netherlands.
Some citizens may express concerns over aerial information depicting their properties and residences being disseminated freely. As relatively few jurisdictions actually guarantee the individual's right to privacy, as opposed to the state's right to secrecy, this is an evolving, but minor, point. Perhaps aware of these critiques, for a time, Google had Area 51 (which is highly visible and easy to find) in Nevada as a default placemark when Google Earth is first installed.
As a result of pressure from the United States government, the residence of the Vice President at Number One Observatory Circle is obscured through pixelization in Google Earth and Google Maps. The usefulness of this downgrade is questionable, as high-resolution photos and aerial surveys of the property are readily available on the Internet elsewhere.[27] Capitol Hill used to also be pixelized in this way but this was lifted.
Critics have expressed concern over the willingness of Google to cripple their dataset to cater to special interests, believing that intentionally obscuring any land goes against its stated goal of letting the user "point and zoom to any place on the planet that you want to explore".

[edit] Google Earth Community
The Google Earth Community is an online forum[28] which is dedicated to producing placemarks of interesting or educational perspectives. It may be found on the Google Earth webpage or under the Help section on the program itself. After downloading a placemark, it will automatically run Google Earth (if not opened), and fly to the area specified by the person who placed it. Once there, you can add it to your "My Places" by right clicking on the icon and selecting "Save to My Places". Additionally, anyone can post a placemark for others to download; as long as you have an account.
Google earth also can be used to locate "disasters". Currently a user can find these items within the google earth community. An example is a capsized ship off of the shore (69°15′32.22″N 33°14′17.11″E / 69.25895, 33.2380861) or a burning car, on A3 autobahn near Gieslenberg, N of Leverkusen, Germany (51°4′47.04″N 6°59′17.77″E / 51.0797333, 6.9882694).

[edit] Copyright
Currently, every image created from Google Earth using satellite data provided by Google Earth is a copyrighted map. Any derivative from Google Earth is made from copyrighted data which, under United States Copyright Law, may not be used except under the licenses Google provides. Google allows non-commercial personal use of the images (e.g. on a personal website or blog) as long as copyrights and attributions are preserved[29]. By contrast, images created with NASA's globe software World Wind using Blue Marble, Landsat or USGS layer, each of which is a terrain layer in the public domain. Works created by an agency of the United States government are public domain at the moment of creation. This means that those images can be freely modified, re-distributed and used for commercial purposes.

[edit] Google Earth Pro
For a $400 annual subscription fee, Google Earth Pro is a business-oriented upgrade to Google Earth that has more features than the "Plus" version. The Pro version includes add-on software such as:
Movie making.
GIS data importer.
Advanced printing modules.
These used to cost extra in addition to the $400 fee but have recently been included in the package.[30]

[edit] See also

[edit] Related information
Web mapping
Geoweb
NASA World Wind
Yinchuan - subject to an Internet phenomenon originating on Google Earth forum.

[edit] Google mapping services
List of Google services and tools
Google Maps
Google Moon
Google Mars

[edit] Other providers
DigitalGlobe — the provider of high resolution imagery to Google Earth
EarthSat
GeoEye
GlobeXplorer
Pictometry
Spot Image
ViewGL - updated aerial imagery for Google Earth